JUDGMENT

Lord Leggatt (With Whom Lord Reed, Lord Hodge, Lady Arden, Lord Sales And Lord Hamblen Agree):

Introduction

[1] New ways of working organised through digital platforms pose pressing questions about the employment status of the people who do the work involved. The central question on this appeal is whether an employment tribunal was entitled to find that drivers whose work is arranged through Ubers smartphone application ("the Uber app") work for Uber under workers contracts and so qualify for the national minimum wage, paid annual leave and other workers rights; or whether, as Uber contends, the drivers do not have these rights because they work for themselves as independent contractors, performing services under contracts made with passengers through Uber as their booking agent. If drivers work for Uber under workers contracts, a secondary question arises as to whether the employment