JUDGMENT

Abang Iskandar Abang Hashim PCA:

Introduction

[1] There are four appeals that were heard together involving a total of 12 questions of law ("QOLs") as granted at the leave stage. There are 8 QOLs in cases no 23 & 25 and 4 QOLs in cases no 24 & 26. They are, however, overlapping in some of the QOLs which will be dealt with together based on the issues as will be enumerated below.

[2] We heard oral submissions by all learned counsel representing the respective parties, and at the end of those submissions, we were not able to come up with a decision on that day, and we therefore indicated to all learned counsel that we needed a bit of time to consider the respective submissions and that they would be informed once a decision is reached pertaining to each of these appeals, in due course. We have now reached our decisions and what follows below are our deliberations of the issues raised and our reasons as to why we have so decided.